Kyoto Protocol: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Nagoya Protocol: Baylis et al. 1995| 5. Die Zahl von wenigstens 55 teilnehmenden Staaten wurde mit Islands Ratifikation am 23. Babiker, Mustafa H., Henry D. Jacoby, John M. Reilly und David M. Reiner (2002): Bhringer, Christoph; Moslener, Ulf; Sturm, Bodo (2006): Grubb, Michael; Brewer, Tom; Mller, Benito et al. An Interview with Lee Thomas, EPAs 6th Administrator. [44] The most recent (2006) scientific evaluation of the effects of the Montreal Protocol states, "The Montreal Protocol is working: There is clear evidence of a decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances and some early signs of stratospheric ozone recovery. Liverman (2008),[11] however, commented that a 1990 base year favours several powerful interests including the UK, Germany and Russia. 6. ", U.S. Department of State. The Montreal Protocol sets binding progressive phase out obligations for developed and developing countries for all the major ozone depleting substances, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and less damaging transitional chemicals such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). 0000003644 00000 n
the Obama administrations proposals could undermine a new global treaty and weaken the worlds ability to stave off the worst effects of climate change.[62], Many people feel that the combination of the U.S not signing the Kyoto Protocol (ensuring it will run out in 2012) and the U.S. attempt to change almost the entire architecture of the Kyoto Protocol in Copenhagen means the end of the Kyoto Protocol as we know it and perhaps a new global climate treaty. 27% zugestanden. L'Unione europea la principale sostenitrice internazionale, poich essendo a un livello economico molto alto cerca il pi possibile di sostenere questo protocollo. Berichts- und Berechnungsvorschriften und Regeln zur Bercksichtigung von Landnutzungsnderungen wurden angepasst. [53] Actual costs will be determined by how individual countries decide to meet their commitments. [22] Innerhalb der einflussreichen Gruppe industrialisierter Nichtmitgliedstaaten der EU, JUSSCANNZ genannt (bestehend aus Japan, den USA, Schweiz, Kanada, Australien, Norwegen und Neuseeland), waren besonders die USA an mglichst groer Flexibilitt innerhalb des knftigen Klimaregimes interessiert. (2012). After seven years of negotiations, in October 2016 at the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in Kigali, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted the Kigali Amendment whereby the Parties agreed to phase down HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. The United States backed out of the Kyoto Protocol agreement in 2001 on the basis that it unfairly burdened developed nations. Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The U.S. believed that the agreement was unfair because it called only for industrialized nations to limit emissions reductions, and it felt that doing so would hurt the U.S. economy. They argued the division between Annex 1 and developing countries was unfair, and that both countries needed to reduce their emissions unilaterally. Die im Anhang B (Annex B) des Kyoto-Protokolls genannten Industriestaaten verpflichteten sich, ihre Treibhausgasemissionen in der ersten Verpflichtungsperiode, dem Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2012, um durchschnittlich 5,2% unter das Niveau des Basisjahres zu senken. [11] In the UK following 1990, emissions had declined because of a switch from coal to gas ("Dash for Gas"), which has lower emissions than coal. At the moment, scientific evidence does not point to the need for dramatic CFC emission reductions. The conference is officially referred to as the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 6th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting ", United Nations Treaty Collection. [11] Der Aussto von verschiedenen Kohlenwasserstoffen hat sich aus anderen Grnden stabilisiert, so etwa durch den Schutz der Ozonschicht infolge des Montreal-Protokolls. (2003): Bundesamt fr Umwelt, Bundesamt fr Meteorologie und Klimatologie (Hrsg. The chair of the board of DuPont was quoted as saying that ozone depletion theory is "a science fiction talea load of rubbishutter nonsense". 2003| Nessuna posizione. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) CFCs were substituted with HCFCs. .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:red}A oggi[nonchiaro], 175 Paesi e un'organizzazione di integrazione economica regionale (EEC) hanno ratificato il protocollo o hanno avviato le procedure per la ratifica. [20], Im Vorfeld der zweiten Konferenz der Vertragsstaaten im Juli 1996 in Genf hatte die eingerichtete Arbeitsgruppe zum Berliner Mandat unter dem Vorsitz des Argentiniers Ral Estrada Oyuela bereits drei vorbereitende Sitzungen abgehalten. The amount of the Kyoto Protocol fund that was meant to aid developing countries in selecting non-greenhouse-emitting industrialized processes and technologies. 27 juni 2022. President George W. Bush claimed that the cost of following the Protocols requirements will stress the economy. 2016| Bereits im Juli 1997, ein halbes Jahr vor der entscheidenden Konferenz in Kyoto, hatte der Senat der Vereinigten Staaten die so genannte Byrd-Hagel Resolution mit 95:0 Stimmen einstimmig verabschiedet. ", United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Montreal Protocol provided a set of practical, actionable tasks that were universally agreed on. Sie sind ausnahmslos konomisch zentrierte Mechanismen, was den Klimaschutz nach Meinung einiger Beobachter unntig beschrnkt. In 1997, the international community gathered in Japan to sign the Kyoto Protocol, a similar treaty seeking to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2012, after the first commitment period of the Protocol ended, parties to the Kyoto Protocol met in Doha, Qatar, to adopt an amendment to the original Kyoto agreement. ", U.S. Department of State. According to The American, the treatys fundamental flaws were well understood: It set very ambitiousand costlytargets for the United States while allowing emissions from the developing world to continue to rise unchecked. In questa sede, 40 Paesi sottoscrissero il protocollo di Kyoto. [41] Im Mrz 2001 hatte US-Prsident George W. Bush bereits den Rckzug der Vereinigten Staaten aus dem Kyoto-Prozess verkndet (siehe unten), und die US-Vertreter nahmen an der zweiten Hlfte der COP-6 nurmehr als Beobachter teil. 2006| Besonders dieser Teil der nachtrglichen Regelungen zum Kyoto-Protokoll ist von Beobachtern als Handel mit heier Luft[57] kritisiert worden: Den Emissionen von Industrielndern, die im Ausgleich Zertifikate aus osteuropischen Lndern kaufen knnen, steht keine reale Einsparung an anderer Stelle gegenber. Other accords, like the Doha Amendment and the Paris Climate Agreement, have also tried to curb the global-warming crisis. Dort prsentierte Japan den Vorschlag von maximal 5% Reduktion im Zeitraum 20082012 gegenber 1990, mit der Mglichkeit von nach unten abweichenden Ausnahmen. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. [28], In 2001, sixteen national science academies[29] stated that ratification of the Protocol represented a "small but essential first step towards stabilising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. [40] Weil die Verhandlungen an den Zeitplan des Buenos Aires-Aktionsplans gebunden waren, wurde die Konferenz nicht formal beendet, sondern lediglich unterbrochen, um in Form der COP-6, Teil 2 (auch COP-6,5 oder COP-6-2 genannt) vom 16. bis zum 27. In (book chapter): Issues related to mitigation in the long term context. L'India e la Cina, che hanno ratificato il protocollo, non sono tenute a ridurre le emissioni di anidride carbonica nel quadro del presente accordo. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. Cina, India e altri Paesi in via di sviluppo non hanno aderito agli obblighi del protocollo di Kyoto perch non sono stati tra i primi responsabili delle emissioni di gas serra, anche se il loro pi recente periodo di industrializzazione sta aggravando oggi il cambiamento climatico. Canada's environment minister at the time, Stphane Dion, said the agreement provides a "map for the future". 2021| Developing countries agreed to start reducing its consumption and production of HCFCs by 2015, with 100% reduction set for 2030.[22]. The three mechanisms are: Global emissions were still on the rise by 2005, the year the Kyoto Protocol became international laweven though it was adopted in 1997. jGe;
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]/IT [Z&A;_i$6"7Rvn->$-e?Wbr@:ImNmRT3J. 2011). Stickstofftrifluorid (NF3) wurde in die Liste der reglementierten Treibhausgase aufgenommen. Die Zunahme der Treibhausgaskonzentrationen in der Atmosphre ist vor allem auf menschliche Aktivitten zurckzufhren, insbesondere auf das Verbrennen fossiler Brennstoffe, Viehhaltung und Rodung von Wldern. The Paris Agreement is an agreement among more than 180 countries to significantly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by the year 2100. An international day of action was planned for 3 December 2005, to coincide with the Meeting of the Parties in Montreal. Their argument was based upon an analogy to contemporary work by Paul J. Crutzen and Harold Johnston, which had shown that nitric oxide (NO) could catalyze the destruction of ozone. A group of developing countries including China, Brazil and South Africa are mandated to reduce their HFC use by 85 per cent of their average value in 2020-22 by the year 2045. TemaNord 2003:516. Montreal Protocol means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. Nach dem Ausstieg der USA aus dem Protokoll 2001 musste die Weltgemeinschaft auf den am 5. The Montreal Protocol (MP): The Montreal Protocol is an international environment treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. Data in the ODP2 column come from WMOs Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010. 1997| The Montreal Protocol (MP): The Montreal Protocol is an international environment treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. ", United Nations Climate Change. [48], However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming. [citation needed], Objections to the Kyoto Protocol and U.S refusal to sign, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG32007 (, Withdrawn with advent of the common proposed EU target, During negotiations, the G-77 represented 133 developing countries. Oktober bis zum 10. 12, No. Velders, G. J. M., D. W. Fahey, J. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz, "George Bush Refuses to Sign Kyoto Protocol to Stem Global Warming", "US planning to weaken Copenhagen climate deal, Europe warns", "Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession of the atmosphere", Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, History of climate change policy and politics, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Views_on_the_Kyoto_Protocol&oldid=1102821502, Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2010, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2010, Articles with incomplete citations from March 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 August 2022, at 02:29. 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