interact with culture in influencing humor perception, usage, and its implications. Defoe, Daniel (1728). Humor is a pan-cultural phenomenon but is also interculturally different. Cabello R, et al. 37, 4875. Chapter 11: Introversion, solitude, and subjective well-being. It was sometimes seen as a transformative state involving an attempt to cope with a sick society. The relationship between humor styles and loneliness among university students. This may also be attributed to the fact that saving face is one of the most important attributes for the Chinese personality (e.g., Gao, 1998; Yue, 2011). Oxford: Holt. (2001). This may be due to the fact that Easterners are less likely to use maladaptive humor styles, such as aggressive humor (Chen and Martin, 2007). Previous literature has shown that Easterners and Westerners differ in humor perception (e.g., Chen and Martin, 2005, 2007), however, the results about East-West cultural difference in humor usage, the relationship between humor and psychological well-being are rather mixed and inconsistent (e.g., Kazarian and Martin, 2004; Chen and Martin, 2007; Hiranandani and Yue, 2014). For example, Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe, had previously argued for more government oversight of "madhouses" and for due process prior to involuntary internment. Objections include the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis, the questionable effectiveness and harm associated with psychiatric medications, the failure of psychiatry to demonstrate any disease treatment mechanism for psychiatric medication effects, and legal concerns about equal human rights and civil freedom being nullified by the presence of diagnosis. What we are doing now is just like trying to diagnose diabetes mellitus without measuring blood sugar. Erving Goffman, Gilles Deleuze, Flix Guattari and others criticized the power and role of psychiatry in society, including the use of "total institutions" and the use of models and terms that were seen as stigmatizing. Int. doi: 10.1007/s10608-008-9223-9. Humor as a tool of social interaction. J. Psychoanal. An early skirmish was over the Alaska Mental Health Bill, where the right wing protestors were joined by the emerging Scientology movement. In fact, psychologists have accumulated evidence for the positive effects of humor: humor improves immunity, facilitates creativity, saves face, relieves stress and tension, creates a more positive self-concept, improves relationships with others, lowers stress, and increases positive emotions and life satisfaction (e.g., Kuiper and Martin, 1993; Martin et al., 1993; Kuiper and Olinger, 1998; Parrish and Quinn, 1999; Lefcourt, 2001; Martin, 2001, 2002; Abel, 2002; Yue et al., 2010a; Cheung and Yue, 2012; Martin and Ford, 2018). Laing, Cooper and others associated with the initial anti-psychiatry movement stopped short of actually advocating for the abolition of coercive psychiatry. When asked to choose personality attributes, the top 10 important personality attributes that Chinese chose for humor were fundamentally different from those they chose for the Chinese personality. [133] Szasz has indicated that his own views came from libertarian politics held since his teens, rather than through experience in psychiatry; that in his "rare" contacts with involuntary mental patients in the past he either sought to discharge them (if they were not charged with a crime) or "assisted the prosecution in securing [their] conviction" (if they were charged with a crime and appeared to be prima facie guilty); that he is not opposed to consensual psychiatry and "does not interfere with the practice of the conventional psychiatrist", and that he provided "listening-and-talking ("psychotherapy")" for voluntary fee-paying clients from 1948 until 1996, a practice he characterizes as non-medical and not associated with his being a psychoanalytically trained psychiatrist. It is certainly true that this change would be manifested in humor, which is worth investigating. However, people from different cultural backgrounds may see humor in different ways. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4287-2. doi: 10.1515/humr.2011.026. [69] The challenge of the validity versus the reliability of diagnostic categories continues to plague diagnostic systems. But what if youre the one who prefers a quiet night at home to a crowded party? They and other activists believe individuals are not given balanced information, and that current psychiatric medications do not appear to be specific to particular disorders in the way mainstream psychiatry asserts;[80] and psychiatric drugs not only fail to correct measurable chemical imbalances in the brain, but rather induce undesirable side effects. The "cure" involved a process of opposition, of struggle and domination, of the patient's troubled will by the healthy will of the physician. 17, 319324. That said, shyness and introversion represent two distinct traits. 25, 3642. [6], Critics of antipsychiatry from within psychiatry itself object to the underlying principle that psychiatry is by definition harmful. Future research should employ empirical methods to provide causal evidence for a relationship between humor and culture. In book: Handbook of Child Psychology (6th edition): Social, emotional, and personality development. [93] Exact numbers of how many persons per year have ECT in the United States are unknown due to the variability of settings and treatment. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. In sum, Westerners and Easterners do differ in the relationship between humor and psychological well-being, not qualitatively but quantitatively. (2019). This research provides direct evidence that Westerners associate humor with positivity, which is not the case for Chinese. Humor is universal but also culturally specific. Thus, it may not be that accurate to study cultural differences in humor by comparing different nationalities or different geographic locations. Rep. 115, 6574. It is positively associated with higher levels of self-compassion for Hong Kong students (Yue et al., 2017), higher levels of optimism, and lower levels of loneliness and distress (Sun et al., 2009; Yue et al., 2010a, 2014b; Cheung and Yue, 2013), for both mainland Chinese and Hong Kong students, and is positively associated with self-esteem for mainland Chinese, Hong Kong, and Indian students (Yue and Hiranandani, 2014; Yue et al., 2014a). Chen, G., and Martin, R. A. The biology of humor. They hold that the problem of mental health in a society is only that of the number of 'unadjusted' individuals, and not of a possible unadjustment of the culture itself". 84, 6079. doi: 10.1515/humr.1993.6.3.251. Moreover, Westerners and Easterners have a parallel relationship between humor and psychological well-being index. Whats more, the different perception of humor as youmo and huaji might be associated with different philosophies in Chinese culture. Humor Int. Those with a less functioning dopamine system, on the other hand, might feel more inclined to avoid others to increase their personal sense of safety. Social anxiety disorder (previously termed social phobia) was formally recognised as a separate phobic disorder in the mid-1960s (Marks & Gelder, 1965). The techniques and procedures of the asylums at this time included "isolation, private or public interrogations, punishment techniques such as cold showers, moral talks (encouragements or reprimands), strict discipline, compulsory work, rewards, preferential relations between the physician and his patients, relations of vassalage, of possession, of domesticity, even of servitude between patient and physician at times". Future research should devote efforts to examine these possibilities. [102] A continued misappropriation of the discipline was later attributed to the People's Republic of China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Ponari M, et al. The Soteria houses closed in 1983 in the United States due to lack of financial support[citation needed]. [38], Coming to the fore in the 1960s, "anti-psychiatry" (a term first used by David Cooper in 1967) defined a movement that vocally challenged the fundamental claims and practices of mainstream psychiatry. Moreover, most of the research on humor and culture has basically been based on comparisons across countries. The thinking styles of Chinese people, in Oxford Library of Psychology. 63, 13361343. Rep. 109, 99107. TJ wrote the first complete draft. doi: 10.2466/07.17.CP.3.19, Yue, X. D., and Hui, A. N. (2015). Received: 26 November 2018; Accepted: 14 January 2019;Published: 29 January 2019. Humor Int. [99]:65, Under the Nazi regime in the 1940s, the "duty to care" was violated on an enormous scale. Sojourn students humor styles as buffers to achieve resilience. [132], The gay rights or gay liberation movement is often thought to have been part of anti-psychiatry in its efforts to challenge oppression and stigma and, specifically, to get homosexuality removed from the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. [36], In the 1950s new psychiatric drugs, notably the antipsychotic chlorpromazine, slowly came into use. Extroverts are often described as the life of the party. In a later part of the study, psychiatric staff were warned that pseudo-patients might be sent to their institutions, but none were actually sent. As discussed earlier, affiliative, aggressive, self-enhancing, and self-defeating humors are four humor types that seem to exist in both Western and Eastern cultures (Martin et al., 2003; Chen and Martin, 2007). Humor Res. [136] In order to avoid any ambiguity intrinsic to the term anti-psychiatry, a current of thought that can be defined as critique of the basis of psychiatry, radical and unambiguous, aims for the complete elimination of psychiatry. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00019-4. Thus, despite Chinese generally being less likely to use humor as a coping strategy, humor becomes a useful tactic for Chinese to adopt when saving face. (2008). First, most of the research that has been done was largely correlational and based on survey methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. Schemes were developed to challenge stigma and discrimination, often based on a social model of disability; to assist or encourage people with mental health issues to engage more fully in work and society (for example through social firms), and to involve service users in the delivery and evaluation of mental health services. [113] In the same vein as the separation of church and state, Szasz believes that a solid wall must exist between psychiatry and the State. Bull. Shy Westerners who were low on perceived social competence tended to use less affiliative humor and more self-defeating humor (Fitts et al., 2009). Research suggests, in fact, that high-quality relationships play a major role in happiness for introverts. Using Hong Kong students as their sample, Yue et al. Humor Res. [citation needed], According to the Encyclopedia of Theory and Practice in Psychotherapy and Counseling, "In the 1950s in the United States, a right-wing anti-mental health movement opposed psychiatry, seeing it as liberal, left-wing, subversive and anti-American or pro-Communist. Cultural difference in humor perception directly influences humor usage. Liao, C. C., and Chang, T. C. (2006). Studying how specific cultural dimensions influence humor perception, humor usage, and the relationship between humor and psychological well-being is one way to solve this problem. J. Creat. However, a psychiatric member of APA's Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues Committee has recently sought to distance the two, arguing that they were separate in the early 70s protests at APA conventions and that APA's decision to remove homosexuality was scientific and happened to coincide with the political pressure. However, a survey only provides correlational evidence; more refinement is needed. [77] According to Richard Gosden, the use of psychiatry as a tool of social control is becoming obvious in preventive medicine programmes for various mental diseases. Other concerns raised include using standard diagnostic criteria in different countries, cultures, genders or ethnic groups. Both Westerners and Easterners benefit from adaptive humor styles and get harm from maladaptive humor styles. 6, 251270. [23], There was some organized challenge to psychiatry in the late 1870s from the new speciality of neurology, largely centered around control of state insane asylums in New York. Kuiper, N. A., and Olinger, L. J. Humor refers to the tendency to experience or express what is amusing and funny, which is always accompanied with emotional response and vocal-behavioral expressions, such as laughter and smiling (Chen and Martin, 2007; Martin and Ford, 2018). [19] There was general concern that physicians were undermining personhood by medicalizing problems, by claiming they alone had the expertise to judge, and by arguing that mental disorder was physical and hereditary.
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